Netstat is a tool that we can use through the command line. It allows us to monitor networks and also to troubleshoot certain problems that may arise. Also, it is widely used to identify the TCP connections that are active on the machine on which the command is executed.

All this, we emit an output screen where we can visualize the network information or even export it through the use of commands.

This tool is quite useful for the more technical Linux users because it allows us to quickly analyze and detect possible problems that are happening in our network. Even more, to make an analysis on it.

Despite being so popular, it is not included in most Linux distributions and that is why in this post, we will help you how to install it.

So, let’s start.

Install the Netstat on Linux command

As we said, being such a popular tool, it is hard to believe that it is not included in the existing Linux distributions.

The solution to this is to install via official repositories, the net-tools package in order to add the command but also other important tools.

So, in the case of Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, ElementaryOS, and any distribution based on any of these, just open the terminal and execute

sudo apt update
sudo apt install net-tools

In case you are using, Fedora 34, RockyLinux, AlmaLinux OS, RHEL 8, CentOS 8, Oracle Linux 8, or any distribution based on these.

sudo dnf install net-tools

But, if you are using older versions such as RHEL 7, CentOS 7, Oracle Linux 7, or any of their derivatives, then you will need to run

sudo yum install net-tools

A very popular distribution among Linux users is Arch Linux. It also has some derivatives such as Manjaro. For these distributions or any derivative of them, just run:

sudo pacman -S netstat-nat

As we all know, one of our favorite distributions is OpenSUSE, so we can’t leave it out.

So, to install it on OpenSUSE

sudo zypper in net-tools

This way we will be able to use it from the terminal without problems.

Using the Netstat command

It is normal to use the command directly on the terminal. And there it will show much of the default information of the active network interface.

Another common use is to run it together with some other options, for example:

netstat -tulpn

For more complex use of this command, we have prepared a post on the use of Netstat where you can find use cases.

Monitor Network with netstat command in Linux

So, enjoy it.

Conclusion

These types of commands can be useful in our work where many tools are required to help with network control. Although there are more specialized and larger tools, it is also true that sometimes we just need a little help.

The post How to install the netstat command on Linux? appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Install PostgreSQL 13 on CentOS 8 / RHEL 8 / Oracle Linux 8

Both RHEL 8 and its derivatives include PostgreSQL 10 in their repositories. However, we already have available version 13. And it is recommended to install it because thanks to it, we can enjoy interesting news and improvements in the performance of the application. Important, if we are going to store large quantities of records.

So first, open a terminal session. Or if you are using a server connect to it using ssh.

:~$ ssh [your-user]@[your-host]

Then log in as the root user.

:~$ su
:~#

The best way to install PostgreSQL 13 on CentOS 8, RHEL 8 and Oracle Linux 8 is to add the official PostgreSQL refill. Not only is it easy, but also safe and the possibility to be always up to date.

To do this, run the following command:

:~# dnf install https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-8-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm

Then, disable the PostgreSQL module on CentOS 8.

:~# dnf module disable postgresql

Now, install PostgreSQL 13 on CentOS 8.

:~# dnf install postgresql13-server postgresql13

After that, let us configure it.

Configure PostgreSQL on CentOS / RHEL 8 / Oracle Linux 8

Initialize PostgreSQL database and start the service

After installing it, the first thing to do is to initialize the database. To achieve this, it is necessary to execute the following command:

:~# /usr/pgsql-13/bin/postgresql-13-setup initdb
Initializing database ... OK

With this, we will have already started the initial database. At this point, the PostgreSQL service is not enable, so you can’t use it yet. Then you have to do it.

:~# systemctl enable postgresql-13

Then, if you want PostgreSQL to start along with the system run this command:

:~# systemctl start postgresql-13

To check that everything is going well, check the status of the service:

:~# systemctl status postgresql-13

As you can see, everything’s fine.

Change the password to the “postgres” user and allow the remote connections

During the installation of PostgreSQL, a new user called postgres is created. The problem is that you do not define a password, so it makes you vulnerable. To avoid problems, it is convenient to create a password.

To do this, just use the Unix passwd command.

:~# passwd postgres

There you will have to enter the password twice. If both are effective, the final change will be made.

Now, we have to allow access to remote connections. The client must be installed on each of the systems that will access PostgreSQL. It will depend on each operating system.

Then, a good security measure is to specify the hosts that can access it. Of course, if the data will be served on the Internet, then it is necessary to allow all the accesses.

:~# nano /var/lib/pgsql/13/data/postgresql.conf

then searches for the listen_addresses line and places the hosts that can access it. If you allow any access, type ‘*’.

listen_addresses = '[host/IP_adress]'
or
listen_addresses = '*'

Then, restart PostgreSQL.

:~# systemctl restart postgresql-13

Finally, you have to open the port 5432 on the firewall to allow the connections.

:~# firewall-cmd --add-port=5432/tcp --permanent
success
:~# firewall-cmd --reload
success

Now, you can access to the PostgreSQL shell.

:~# su - postgres
:~# psql

Now, you can start to work.

Conclusion

PostgreSQL is one of the best there is for databases. Thanks to its community spirit, it is possible to find a lot of documentation about it. On the other hand, installing version 13 on CentOS 8, RHEL 8 and Oracle Linux 8 is quite simple as you have seen in this post.

Also, you can read how to install Postgresql on Ubuntu 18.04?

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List the PHP modules installed on your system

This post, will list the modules installed either from the official repositories of your distribution or compiled manually. So you will be able to detail them all indistinctly as they were installed.

To do this, open a terminal and run the following command:

php -m

And there will be a screen output similar to this one:

[PHP modules]
.
.
.
ctype
date
exif
fileinfo
filter
ftp
gd
gettext
hash
iconv
json
libxml
mbstring
mysqli
mysqlnd
openssl
pcntl
pcre
.
.
.

We can combine this command with the grep command to filter the modules. For example, if we want to search exactly for mbstring, we can follow the following syntax

php -m | grep -i mbstring
mbstring

Remember that the -i option makes the search case insensitive.

Another way to do it

Linux is great because it allows you to do the same process in different ways. So, we can also use DNF and APT for that, depending on the distribution you use.

In the case of DNF which is the Fedora, CentOS, RHEL and derivatives package manager, open a terminal and run:

sudo dnf list installed | grep -i php

or using the RPM command:

rpm -qa | grep -i php

In case you use Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint or any derivative of these, then use dpkg in the following way:

dpkg --get-selections | grep -i php

Output:
.
.
.
php7.4-cli install
php7.4-common install
php7.4-fpm install
php7.4-gd
.
.
.

Similarly, you can combine this command with grep and perform filters.

So, this way you will know which are the PHP modules you have installed in your system

Conclusion

Thanks to this post, you can quickly find out which PHP modules you have in your system. This is very helpful in servers and also in computers where web applications are developed.

The post How to list the PHP modules installed on your system? appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Being the first release of this year, RHEL 8.2 is not a radical change of the development branch 8, but on the contrary, it includes security updates and patches. But also some big improvements that complement the already great version 8.

Firstly, in this version, there is improved isolation and resource governance for container process runtime with cgroup v2. This helps to prevent processes from consuming too much memory and causing crashes or system slowdowns.

Also, if you use the Microsoft SQL server, you will be grateful to get and analyze new metrics from this database manager. All thanks to a new agent that will allow you to have a clearer view of what is going on in it and the system.

This release includes a new application stream for Red Hat’s container tools (container-tools:2.0) that is supported for 24 months, as well as an update to the container-tools:rhel8 stream that includes Podman 1.6.4

Modules with new branches of Python 3.8 (3.6) and Maven 3.6 were added to the AppStream repository. This is a love for all developers.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 also enables Red Hat Insights during installation to simplify the release of Insights for future deployments of the distro.

New development cycle

Since last year, Red Hat has changed the way new versions of the distribution are released. It will now be twice a year that you will receive a minor update.

This makes it easier for users and customers to make these updates. As they are more frequent, they will be smaller in size and therefore have less impact.

In terms of upgrading, this new version includes facilities for members of previous versions to upgrade.

Thus, this new version is in line with Red Hat’s vision “Where the operating system has to do more than just work“. That is, providing all the tools it allows to grow the IT infrastructure and processes of organizations.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 – Final Thoughts

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 is not a new major release of this operating system but rather a minor update. Although the term minor can be misleading because in each of these Red Hat applies new technologies that make this distribution bigger and bigger.

There will always be doubt about the new path Red Hat will take after the purchase of IBM. For now, we can only wait and see how it will evolve with versions like this one.

Finally, it is recommended to upgrade as soon as possible to take advantage of these new features. As they are quite a lot, you can check them out from these links.

What’s new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2?
Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Beta

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Portainer is a lightweight management graphical user interface which allows you to easily manage your Docker host or Swarm cluster. Portainer is meant to be as simple to deploy as it is to use. It consists of a single container that can run on any Docker engine. It’s a powerful, open-source management toolset that allows you to easily build, manage and maintain Docker environments

In this guide you will learn that how to install docker and manage it with portainer.

Install Docker on CentOS 8 / RHEL 8

Step 1 Enable Docker CE Repository

Currently docker packages are not available on CentOS and RHEL 8 repositories, so run following dnf command to enable Docker CE repository.

dnf config-manager --add-repo=https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

Step 2 Install Docker CE using dnf command

Now, use below dnf command to install latest version of docker.

dnf install docker-ce --nobest -y

Step 3 Start Docker Service

After the installation, start and enable docker service using the following systemctl commands

systemctl start docker
systemctl enable docker
systemctl status docker

Step 4 Verify and Test Docker CE Engine

To verify that docker ce engine has been setup correctly, run below docker command,

docker run hello-world

Docker has been installed successfully and running fine, now we will install and configure portainer so that we can manage docker from web interface.

Install Portainer on CentOS 8 / RHEL 8 for Docker Management

Step 1 Download Portainer Image

Download the Portainer image from the DockerHub using the docker pull command below.

docker pull portainer/portainer

Step 2 Run Portainer

Run the Portainer container with the following command:

docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --name your_portainer_name --restart always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /opt/portainer:/data portainer/portainer

Step 3 Verify Portainer is Running

After installing the Portainer container, run the docker ps command to verify the status of the container:

docker ps

Step 4 Access Portainer Web Interface

Now, open your browser, access the Portainer web interface with your server’s IP or FQDN with port 9000

YOUR-SERVER-IP:9000

In my case it is 192.168.231.130:9000

Note: If you are facing any issue or unable to browse the link just use below commands

firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --change-interface=docker0
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-port=4243/tcp
firewall-cmd --reload

Next we need to set admin username and password to access portainer. Then, click on “Create User” button to create your administrator user.

Step 5 Configure Portainer

We will configure Portainer to “manage the local Docker environment” select Local Docker environment and click on the Connect button

Finally, you will be redirected to the Portainer dashboard, select the “local docker”

Here you can see all info and a summary about your containers, images, networks, volumes and Templates.

Finally everything has been done and now you can create, manage and remove your docker containers from portainer graphical interface.

Portainer Dashboard:

After logging in portainer you will be redirected to the Portainer home screen, select the “local docker” then go to the “Dashboard” here you will see running stacks, containers, images, volumes and networks.

Stacks:

Click on the stacks option and it will provide status of all created stacks.

Container:

This list will provide details of all running and stopped container. This output is very similar to docker ps command option.

Images:

Clicking on this option will provide the host of container images that are available. It will show all the container images.

Networks:

It is used for network operations. Like assigning IP address, creating sub-nets, providing IP address range and user access control.

Create a Container Using Portainer GUI

There are many other features you can explore by yourself. Now we will create a docker container. we will create Apache container.

Under Add Templates option, Click on “Httpd” template

Now set the Name for container, leave network as it is, then configure its ports and click on “Deploy the container” button.

Now you can verify the status of created container from “Containers” option. you can see in image below that container named “my-apache-server” is running

Test Apache is running fine. open your browser and browse your SERVER-IP-ADDRESS

That’s it in this article, I hope this will be very helpful.

The post Install Docker and Manage it with Portainer on CENTOS 8 / RHEL 8 appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

The primary configuration file for logrotate is /etc/logrotate.conf and it has the default settings. So, if you want additional application-specific configuration then you have to create a separate file for that application in /etc/logrotate.d directory.

In this article you will learn that how to configure logrotate in Linux

Step 1: Install logrotate on Linux

Install logrotate on Ubuntu and Debian

apt install logrotate 

Install logrotate on CentOS, RHEL and Fedora

yum install  -y logrotate

OR

dnf install  -y logrotate

Step 2: Configure logrotate

We will configure logrotate for Apache web server in CentOS server. Let’s say we want to rotate the logs of a service “apache” that is creating logfiles under /var/log/httpd directory. So we will create a file “apache” under /etc/logrotate.d directory and make appropriate configuration in this file to rorate all the logs of apache service.

Run following command and add below lines in that file.

vi /etc/logrotate.d/apache

/var/log/httpd/* {
     daily
     rotate 50
     size 2M
     compress
     delaycompress
 }

/var/log/httpd It means rotating all logs from httpd directory.
daily means rotate the logs on a daily basis. you can also use weekly or monthly.
rotate 50 It means last 50 rotated logs should be kept.
size=2M means log will not be rotated until it reaches 2MB. sets the minimum size for the logs rotation.
compress It compress the old log files to save disk space.
delaycompress so it means rotated logs with the exception of the most recent one should be compressed.

now save changes to file and exit

You can also set many other options, for details run following command.

man logrotate

By default, logrotate automatically configures a cron job scheduled to run daily. but we want also run our desired log rotation file, Tells logrotate to force the rotation.

logrotate -f /etc/logrotate.d/httpd

Now run below command to see that what will logrotate do reading /etc/logrotate.d/httpd file.

logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/httpd

That’s it, so you can use logrotate and configure it for your desired service logs like it do for Apache web server.

The post How to Install and Configure logrotate on Linux appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Webmin is a web-based interface for managing UNIX systems. It has a new web interface where you can modify and manage several things on the computer. For example, user accounts, UNIX groups, DNS and others.

In addition, you will have no license problems with Webmin because it is released under the GPL3 license, which guarantees that you can use it, modify it and install it as you want.

So, let us start.

Installing Webmin on CentOS 8 / RHEL 8 / Oracle Linux 8

Before you start installing Webmin, it is a good idea to update all the operating system packages. To do this, connect to your server using SSH or simply open a terminal session and run:

:~$ su
:~# dnf update

This way your system will have the latest security patches installed. Therefore, it will be a more secure system.

Webmin offers us a repository of packages derived from RHEL 8 that facilitates the installation. So we must add the repository first, and do the installation like this.

So, create a file in /etc/yum.repos.d/webmin.repo and add the following:

 [Webmin]
 name=Webmin Distribution Neutral
 #baseurl=https://download.webmin.com/download/yum
 mirrorlist=https://download.webmin.com/download/yum/mirrorlist
 enabled=1

Then download and add the GPG key to secure the repository. To download it we’ll use wget, but be sure to install it first in case you don’t have it.

:~# dnf install wget

:~# wget http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc

And then add it with the following command:

:~# rpm --import jcameron-key.asc

After this, we will be able to install Webmin in an easy and simple way as follows:

:~# dnf install webmin

At the end of the installation, we will be able to access the web interface of the program. However, first, you have to open port 10000 which is where the application works.

:~# firewall-cmd --add-port=10000/tcp --zone=public --permanent
:~# firewall-cmd --reload

Now yes, open your favorite web browser and go to http://your-server:10000 and you will see the following:

Now you can log in with a user who has access to sudo or with the root user. Next, you will see the dashboard.

So, enjoy it.

Conclusion

Webmin is an indispensable application if we have a server or equipment that we need to monitor. Of course, it is not the most advanced or the best but it does its functions efficiently without wasting a lot of system resources.

The post How to install Webmin on CentOS 8 / RHEL 8 / Oracle Linux 8? appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Pre-requisites:

• SELinux (Passive mode):

sudo sed -i 's/SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/g' /etc/selinux/config
sudo setenforce 0

Step 1: Installing Dependencies

Update your system.

sudo dnf updates

Install required Dependencies.

sudo dnf install @php

sudo dnf install @perl @httpd wget unzip glibc automake glibc-common gettext autoconf php php-cli gcc gd gd-devel net-snmp openssl-devel unzip net-snmp postfix net-snmp-utils

Guide for Installing Development Tools on RHEL 8 / Cento 8.

sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"

Now, start and enable httpd and php-fpm services.

sudo systemctl enable --now httpd php-fpm

Checki status is running.

systemctl status http php-fpm

Detailed instructions for the Installation of PHP and httpd.

Step 2: Downloading Nagios Core

Change directory to /usr/src/. Go to latest-release page of Nagios to download.

sudo su -
cd /usr/src

Create nagios-$VER directory.

Download & extract Nagios tarball.

https://github.com/NagiosEnterprises/nagioscore/releases

Change path to created folder.

cd nagios-$VER

Step 3: Compile Nagios Core on Centos 8 / RHEL 8.

a. Run the configure script by command below:

./configure

Output:

b. To compile the main program and CGIs, run the make command with all options.

sudo make all

Output:

c. Create User And Group

This will create user and groups in Nagios

Add apache user to Nagios Group.

make install-groups-users
usermod -a -G nagios apache

d. Install Nagios on Centos / RHEL 8.

Install Nagios base.

make install

e. Install the init script in /lib/systemd/system.

make install-init

f. Install and configure the permissions on the directory for holding the external command file.

make install-commandmode

g. Install sample config files in /usr/local/nagios/etc.

make install-config

h. Install the Apache config file for the Nagios web interface.

make install-webconf

i. Install the Exfoliation theme for the Nagios web interface.

make install-exfoliation

j. You can install classic theme for Nagios web interface by given command

make install-classicui

Step 4: Creating Nagios Web User

We need to create a user account for Nagios web interface . Use the given command:

sudo htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin

Restart Apache services to take effect.

systemctl restart httpd

Step 5: Installing Nagios Plugins

Plugins are used to provide more monitoring features.
Switch to /usr/src directory.

cd /usr/src

Create new directory as nagios-plugins-$VER

mkdir nagios-plugins-$VER

Download Nagios plugins from Github releases page.

Extract it to /usr/src/nagios-plugins-$VER directory.

Now, change directory to nagios-$VER.

cd 'nagios-$VER'

Use this command to install and compile Nagios Plugins.

./configure --with-nagios-user=nagios --with--nagios-group=nagios
make && make install

Output:

Step 6: Verifying Installation & Starting Nagios Services.

Make sure your Nagios installation is working properly.

 /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg 

Start & Enable Nagios service to start at boot.

sudo systemctl enable --now nagios

Re-check the service status.

systemctl status nagios

Step 7: Accessing Nagios Web Dashboard

Remove firewall restrictions:

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service={http,https}
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

Access Dashboard by visiting http:[IP/hostname]/nagios/
Fill out Authentication details:

Username: nagiosadmin

You can add device to be monitored in Dashboard.

The post How To Install Nagios 4 on Centos 8 / RHEL 8. appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Overwrite is an application written in the C language that simply overwrites with 1, 0 or random data the empty space of a disk. This helps prevent other programs from recovering information from that empty space. This puts your privacy at risk.

Similarly, Overwrite is an open-source application, released under the GPL license. Therefore there will be no problems with the use and dissemination of the application. On the other hand, it is multiplatform and in a single download, we will have all the binaries available with versions for Linux or Windows.

Also, the application has some options to customize its use, such as the amount of data and files to overwrite.

So, let us install it and use it.

Install Overwrite on any Linux distribution

The application comes with compiled binaries so we can work as soon as we download it. However, make sure you have the wget and unzip packages installed.

For Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and derivatives:

:~$ sudo apt install wget unzip

In the case of Fedora, CentOS 8, RHEL 8, Oracle Linux 8 and derivatives:

:~$ sudo dnf install wget unzip

Finally, in the case of OpenSUSE, it would be enough to use the following command:

:~$ sudo zypper in wget unzip

Once they are installed, we can start downloading overwrite from github:

:~$ wget -c https://github.com/ivoprogram/overwrite/releases/download/ver1.1-2019-10-06/overwrite-bin-ver1.1-2019-10-06.zip

Once the download has finished, we will have to decompress it using unzip. To do this, use the following command:

:~$ unzip overwrite-bin-ver1.1-2019-10-06.zip

Remember, be aware of the downloaded version.

To make the job easier, I will rename the uncompressed folder by a name easier to remember.

:~$ mv [overwrite_folder_name] overwrite

Also, you can check the contents of the folder with the command ls.

:~$ cd overwrite
:~$ ls

As you can see, all 32-bit and 64-bit Linux binaries and Windows binaries are available. However, you have to choose the corresponding binary according to your system and make it executable. In my case, my system is 64 bits.

:~$ chmod +x overwrite-linux-x86-64

And we will be able to use it.

First, it is a good idea to start with the program help.

:~$ ./overwrite-linux-x86-64 -h

I added a new hard drive and mounted it on /media and used this example command.

:~$ sudo ./overwrite-linux-x86-64 -rand -block:512 -files:10 -data:10mb -path:/media

In this case, the command is executed as the root user. It uses 10mb random data and overwrites 10 files in blocks of 512. Finally, the path where the file system is mounted is specified.

Finally, if you want to use overwrite comfortably, rename the binary and move it to /usr/bin.

Conclusion

Overwrite is a very lightweight program that can help us protect our data even more from third parties. Its installation and use is within reach of many people for its ease and quality of work. Best of all we can install it on all Linux distributions without problems.

The post Overwrite: an application to prevent recovering information from a hard disk appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Quickly and by way of introduction, I will tell you that sudo is a tool that allows you to execute commands as if you were another user. Usually the other user is the root user. That is to say with our regular user, we can execute commands as if we were root user.

This situation brings many advantages when facilitating usability in a home system, but is not widely used in business.

The detail is that a vulnerability has been discovered that grants permissions of root user to whom it should not.

Specifically we refer to a vulnerability identified with the number CVE-2019-14287 and has already been documented by Canonical under the number USN-4154-1.

In which Ubuntu versions is there a vulnerability in sudo?

For now, the vulnerability in sudo affects the following versions of Ubuntu:

• Ubuntu 19.04
• Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
• Also, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
• Ubuntu 14.04 ESM
• Ubuntu 12.04 ESM

This at server level as well as desktop operating system level. Therefore, as Ubuntu is one of the most popular distributions, it is easy to deduce that many people are affected by the vulnerability.

On the other hand, also versions 17.x, 18.x and 19.x of Linux Mint has been affected. This is because Linux Mint uses Ubuntu’s base packages for the system.

What was the problem?

The /etc/sudoers file is where you find the configuration of which users may or may not use the sudo command.

However, the security breach discovered allowed any user to use commands as root. This was accomplished by modifying the file to circumvent the ban. That is, even when it was defined that a user could not execute sudo, modifying the sudoers file and setting user ID -1, this policy is circumvented.

On the other hand, it is worth mentioning that sudo is not enabled on many servers and there the consequences are less serious.

How can I solve the problem?

Fortunately, the vulnerability has been discovered and patched. Therefore, at this point it should already be available as an update through your preferred package manager.

For example, in the case of Ubuntu and Linux Mint is already available.

And so on the rest of the Linux distributions. Just upgrade. In case you do not have the new update, wait a little longer and it will surely be available.

Sudo has been compromised but there is already a solution. Upgrade now!

Also, you can learn how to enable on Debian and CentOS.

The post Discovered vulnerability in sudo. Upgrade your system now! appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.