As is well known to many HTTP is the protocol that allows the transfer of information over the web. This protocol was improved and evolved little by little until it reached version 2 which incorporates many advantages in security and performance.

HTTP/2 is a binary protocol that retains the same semantics as the HTTP1.X protocol, which means that all verbs, headers, etc. continue to work unchanged. This means that there is no need to rewrite the way connections are made in the server. With this new version, transfer speed is improved and connection security is added.

Some advantages of using this protocol instead of HTTP 1.x are:

• Faster loading speed
• Improved web positioning, thanks to the fact that Google values sites with better loading times.
• Less bandwidth consumption
• Immediate presentation of the results.

So if you have a website then you should enable HTTP/2 at the server level and you will learn how to do it today.

Enabling HTTP/2 on Nginx

In this case, I have used a clean install of Ubuntu 20.04. So, connect to it, and update it.

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

Proceed now, to install Nginx from the official Ubuntu repositories.

sudo apt install nginx
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core libfontconfig1 libgd3 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libnginx-mod-http-image-filter libnginx-mod-http-xslt-filter
  libnginx-mod-mail libnginx-mod-stream libtiff5 libwebp6 libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxpm4 libxslt1.1 nginx-common nginx-core
Suggested packages:
  libgd-tools fcgiwrap nginx-doc ssl-cert
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core libfontconfig1 libgd3 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libnginx-mod-http-image-filter libnginx-mod-http-xslt-filter
  libnginx-mod-mail libnginx-mod-stream libtiff5 libwebp6 libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxpm4 libxslt1.1 nginx nginx-common nginx-core
0 upgraded, 23 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,334 kB of archives.
After this operation, 11.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

At the end of the installation, it is convenient to check the status of the service.

sudo systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-07-19 18:30:45 CEST; 58s ago
       Docs: man:nginx(8)
   Main PID: 1649 (nginx)
      Tasks: 2 (limit: 2286)
     Memory: 4.1M
     CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
             ├─1649 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;
             └─1650 nginx: worker process

Jul 19 18:30:45 osradar systemd[1]: Starting A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server...
Jul 19 18:30:45 osradar systemd[1]: Started A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server.

Now, it is necessary to obtain a new TLS certificate to enable HTTPS which is a previous step. This can be done quickly and easily using certbot and its nginx plugin.

To install them, run this command

sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  python3-acme python3-certbot python3-configargparse python3-future python3-josepy python3-mock python3-openssl python3-parsedatetime python3-pbr python3-pyparsing
  python3-requests-toolbelt python3-rfc3339 python3-tz python3-zope.component python3-zope.event python3-zope.hookable python3-zope.interface
Suggested packages:
  python3-certbot-apache python-certbot-doc python-acme-doc python-certbot-nginx-doc python-future-doc python-mock-doc python-openssl-doc python3-openssl-dbg
  python-pyparsing-doc
Recommended packages:
  python3-icu
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  certbot python3-acme python3-certbot python3-certbot-nginx python3-configargparse python3-future python3-josepy python3-mock python3-openssl python3-parsedatetime
  python3-pbr python3-pyparsing python3-requests-toolbelt python3-rfc3339 python3-tz python3-zope.component python3-zope.event python3-zope.hookable
  python3-zope.interface
0 upgraded, 19 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,143 kB of archives.
After this operation, 6,405 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

Get the certificate for Nginx and your domain like this

sudo certbot --nginx -d [your-domain] -d www.[your-domain]

Now to complete the HTTP/2 enablement you need to modify the ServerBlock file of your website.

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/your-domain.conf 

And add the following lines before the `http` section

listen [::]:443 ssl http2 ipv6only=on;
listen 443 ssl http2;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;

In it, we indicate which is the protocol listening order that Nginx will use for the site configuration.

For more information on how to create a server block for a website, we have this post and the official Nginx documentation.

Save your changes and close the text editor.

In the end, restart Nginx to apply the changes.

sudo systemctl restart nginx

And with this, HTTP/2 on Nginx will be enabled.

So, enjoy it.

Conclusion

In this post, you have learned something fundamental to improve the loading and speed of your web pages. This protocol change is an advantage that you can use to your advantage. As you can see the process is not strange at all and it is usable.

The post How to enable HTTP/2 on Nginx web server appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

On a web server, it is always convenient to have access via HTTPS to ensure that all communication is secure. Except for a very few cases on private servers without internet access is that you can afford not to have HTTPS.

So, if a user explicitly writes http:// what we will do is redirect him to https:// with this we will avoid security leaks.

Redirect all traffic from HTTP to HTTPS for one single site

Each site we have in Nginx will have its configuration. So it’s possible to redirect all traffic from HTTP to HTTPS in a single site.

To do this, access the site’s configuration file and edit it. Usually, the path is /etc/nginx/sites-available/ and it will be there with the name you have given it. For example:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/site_conf_file

And within the configuration, it is necessary to add

server {
listen 80;
server_name yourdomain.com www.yourdomain.com;
return 301 https://your domain.com$request_uri;
}

This is not enough because now we have to add the configuration of the SSL certificate that secures the HTTPS connection.

Below add the following

server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name yourdomain.com;
ssl_certificate yourdomain.com.crt;
ssl_certificate_key yourdomain.com.key;
}

Remember that you have to change yourdomain.com for yours. In addition to having SSL configured.

A good practice is also to redirect HTTPS connections that start with www. To do this, add the following

server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.yourdomain.com;
return 301 https://yourdomain.com$request_uri;
}

Save the file and exit the editor.

To apply the changes, simply restart the Nginx service with systemctl.

sudo systemctl reload nginx

And it should already work on your site.

Redirecting for all sites

Although each site has a particular configuration, many times it is convenient to do this configuration globally. So that it affects all the sites hosted on the server.

To do this, you only need to add this in the main configuration file of Nginx.

server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

Then save your changes and exit the editor.

Again, restart Nginx.

sudo systemctl reload nginx

That is it.

Conclusion

Redirecting all traffic to HTTPS using Nginx may be thought to be difficult but here we have shown you that it is not. Definitely a web server that has an outlet to the Internet has to always try to handle these connections.

So, share this post and join our Telegram Channel.

The post Redirect all traffic from HTTP to HTTPS using Nginx appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Download cURL for Windows.

The first thing we have to do is go to this website and download the corresponding version.

Then unzip it at the root of the Windows installation. Also, for ease of use assign a simple name to the folder. In my case, I chose curl:

Testing the installation.

The first thing you have to do is open a Command Prompt. With this intention press the Win+R combination and run cmd. Then navigate to the folder you unzipped by typing the following commands:

cd..
cd..
cd curl

To test the cURL installation please run the following command:

curl -V

Now let’s try a popular site, like google. With this in mind, please run the following command:

curl https://www.google.com

Adding the environment variable.

To be able to run curl, it is necessary to go to the program directory and from there run the commands. If we want to avoid this, it is necessary to edit the environment variables. In addition, add a new variable to the PATH environment. If you want to know how to do it, please see here. In this case, I only show you that the path you have to add is C:\curl

From now on we can run cURL from any Command Prompt. It is no longer necessary to scroll to the installation address.

In conclusion, we have seen how to install cURL on Windows. From now on you can use it to test HTTP requests. Also, as a programmer it is possible to use all the advantages it offers. All right, that’s it for now. Greetings!

The post How to install cURL in Windows. appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

Installing Wget in Windows 10

Wget is a free tool and relatively simple to install in a Linux environment. Just type the appropriate commands to each distribution, and you’re done. However, when it comes to Windows, the situation changes. There are many installers and options that end up with installation errors. However, we’ve got this version that works properly. Go to this link and download version 1.11.4-1

Next, we proceed to run the installer. Just double click and the wizard will start, press next to continue:

Then accept the license terms, and click Next to continue the installation.

Select the folder where the program will be installed. Click next to continue the installation.

Next, select the components to install. To ensure proper operation, check both boxes and press Next to continue the installation.

Next, you can create direct access to the application and its respective location

You can install additional icons. Click Next to continue

Verify the installation options and press Install to finish the process.

Once the installation is finished, we will see the following screen.

Using Wget in Windows 10

Please note that Wget does not have a graphical interface, so you will have to use it through command in the CMD. To check that the program is actually installed, please go to the installation directory. Depending on the installation options selected, it should be as follows:

C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin

What we need to do is open a command prompt. With this intention, press the Win+R combination and type CMD

Once there, use the CD command to navigate to the file location mentioned above. Then type Wget to use the program.

Add environment variable

We have correctly installed Wget. However, to be able to use it we always have to navigate to the installation folder of the program. This is cumbersome, so if we want to use Wget from any directory, we need to add an environment variable. With this in mind, please follow this path: Control Panel>System and Security>System>Advanced system settings

On the next screen, choose Environment Variables

Next, we are going to create a new environment variable. With that intention, please select Path and press Edit.

On the next screen first select New, then Browse. You must select the address where the program is installed.

Press ok in each of the open windows, and we can run Wget every time we open a Command Prompt. It doesn’t matter which directory we’re in. Let’s test the Wget command, downloading its executable for windows 10. With this intention, we enter this command in the CMD

wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuwin32/files/wget/1.11.4-1/wget-1.11.4-1-setup.exe/download

Using Wget in Windows Subsystem for Linux

We have already seen how to use bash in windows 10. Through WSL we can also use Wget natively. To do this, we’ll open ubuntu and run the following command:

 sudo apt-get install wget 

Enter your password, and wait while the program is installed. Now we are ready to use wget in Windows 10.

Finally, we have seen how to install Wget in Windows 10. We can do it natively or using the Windows Subsystem for Linux. Both methods are valid for using this powerful download tool. Not only will we have access to files, but also to complete pages so that they can run offline. All right, that’s it for now, if you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask. We are here to serve! until next time!

The post How to install Wget in Windows 10 appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.

A web server is in charge of managing web pages and sending them through the network to those who require it and have the permissions for those pages. In other words, it is nothing more than a software with processes waiting for a user connected to it to request the content to store, when a request arrives, the web server, generates its own processes to deliver the content through HTTP protocol. We also have even spoken on this site of them on other occasions.

Here is Caddy

Caddy is the HTTP/2 web server with automatic HTTPS. That’s the description they give us on their website. It is a lightweight, commercially supported web server that can acquire and renew SSL/TLS certificates automatically using Let’s Encrypt.

Among its most outstanding features are:

• Easy configuration with the Caddyfile.
• Automatic HTTPS on by default (via Let’s Encrypt)
• HTTP/2 by default. In other words, this is important to maintain the security of our websites.
• Virtual hosting so multiple sites just work.
• Experimental QUIC support for cutting-edge transmissions.
• TLS session ticket key rotation for more secure connections.
• Extensible with plugins because a convenient web server is a helpful one.
• Runs anywhere with no external dependencies.

As can be seen, it is an interesting and practical web server. It comes to add to the list that already conform the veterans apache and nginx.

Install Caddy on CentOS 7

Installing Caddy on Linux is simple and we can “build” our program through its download section.

Another alternative is to use curl to download it to further simplify the process. In this article I will do it this way.

First, create the a folder called “caddy”.

:~# mkadi -p caddy

Then, change the current working directory and finally run curl to download it.

:~# cd caddy
:~# curl https://getcaddy.com | bash -s personal

Note: If you don’t have curl installed, you can do it by running on a terminal yum install curl as root user.

Next you have to create an html file in the caddy directory.

:~# nano index.html

For example, something like this.

Save and close the file.

By default Caddy uses port 2015. If you want to kill the process to stop its execution, type the following.

:~# pkill caddy

Conclusion

Caddy is emerging as a great option to keep in mind, however, it seems that he still has some way to go in the business field.

And what do you think? did you like the program? do you use it? we want to know what you think

Please spread this article through your social networks.

The post How to install Caddy on CentOS 7? appeared first on Linux Windows and android Tutorials.